Đối với các nhà lập pháp và các ủy ban chịu trách nhiệm về cải cách tài chính liên quan đến các phái sinh ở Mỹ và các nơi khác, phân biệt giữa các hoạt động phòng hộ và đầu cơ phái sinh là một thách thức không nhỏ. Sự khác biệt là rất quan trọng vì quy định sẽ giúp cô lập và ngăn chặn đầu cơ với các phái sinh, đặc biệt là đối với các tổ chức "có tầm quan trọng mang tính hệ thống" mà rủi ro tín dụng của chúng có thể đủ lớn để đe dọa toàn bộ hệ thống tài chính.

Đồng thời, pháp luật nên tính tới các bên có trách nhiệm phòng hộ rủi ro mà không ràng buộc quá chặt vốn lưu động như tài sản thế chấp mà các hãng có thể sử dụng tốt hơn ở những nơi khác trong các hoạt động và đầu tư của họ. Quan trọng hơn, tài sản thế chấp hợp lý gắn với những đối tác khác nhau này có thể rất khác nhau. Sự khác biệt giữa các tổ chức này không phải là luôn luôn thẳng băng ví dụ như các quỹ phòng hộ hoặc thậm chí một số hãng cổ phần tư nhân không hoàn toàn trùng khớp với một trong hai thể loại.

Cuối cùng, ngay cả những người dùng tài chính cũng phải được phân biệt, như các ngân hàng 'lớn' có thể được phân loại là "quan trọng có tính hệ thống" mà các hoạt động phái sinh của chúng phải được giám sát chặt chẽ hơn và bị hạn chế hơn so với các ngân hàng nhỏ, địa phương và khu vực. Giao dịch ngoài sàn sẽ ít phổ biến hơn do Luật Cải cách phố Wall và Bảo vệ người tiêu dùng Dodd-Frank có hiệu lực. Luật này quy định việc thanh toán bù trừ các giao dịch hoán đổi nhất định tại sàn giao dịch có đăng ký và áp đặt các hạn chế khác nhau trên các phái sinh.

Để thực hiện đạo luật Dodd-Frank, CFTC đã phát triển các quy định mới trên ít nhất 30 khu vực. Ủy ban này xác định các giao dịch hoán đổi nào phải thanh toán bù trừ bắt buộc và một sàn giao dịch phái sinh nào đó là thích hợp hay không thích hợp để thanh toán bù trừ một loại hợp đồng hoán đổi nhất định.

Tuy nhiên, các thách thức trên đây và khác nữa của quá trình ra quy định đã trì hoãn sự ban hành đầy đủ các khía cạnh lập pháp liên quan đến các phái sinh. Các thách thức này còn bị phức tạp hơn nữa bởi sự cần thiết phải triển khai cải cách tài chính toàn cầu giữa các quốc gia bao gồm các thị trường tài chính lớn trên thế giới, một trách nhiệm chính của Ủy ban Ổn định tài chính mà tiến triển của nó đang diễn ra.

Tại Hoa Kỳ, vào tháng 2 năm , nỗ lực kết hợp của SEC và CFTC đã tạo ra hơn 70 quy tắc phái sinh được đề xuất và chung cuộc. Vào tháng 11 năm , SEC và các nhà quản lý từ Úc, Brazil, Liên minh châu Âu, Hồng Kông, Nhật Bản, Ontario, Quebec, Singapore và Thụy Sĩ đã gặp nhau để thảo luận về cải cách thị trường phái sinh OTC, như đã được các nhà lãnh đạo thỏa thuận tại Hội nghị thượng đỉnh G năm tại Pittsburgh vào tháng 9 năm Chế độ báo cáo bắt buộc đang được hoàn thiện tại một số quốc gia, chẳng hạn như Đạo luật Frank Dodd ở Mỹ, Quy định cơ sở hạ tầng thị trường châu Âu EMIR ở châu Âu, cũng như các quy định tại Hồng Kông, Nhật Bản, Singapore, Canada, và các nước khác.

DTCC , thông qua dịch vụ "Global Trade Repository" GTR của mình, quản lý kho trao đổi toàn cầu đối với các phái sinh lãi suất, hàng hóa, ngoại hối, tín dụng và vốn cổ phần. Bước tới nội dung Điều hướng. Trang Chính Nội dung chọn lọc Bài viết ngẫu nhiên Thay đổi gần đây Phản hồi lỗi Đóng góp.

Tương tác. Hướng dẫn Giới thiệu Wikipedia Cộng đồng Thảo luận chung Giúp sử dụng Liên lạc Tải lên tập tin. Công cụ. Các liên kết đến đây Thay đổi liên quan Trang đặc biệt Liên kết thường trực Thông tin trang Trích dẫn trang này Khoản mục Wikidata. In và xuất. Tạo một quyển sách Tải dưới dạng PDF Bản để in ra. Tại dự án khác. Wikimedia Commons. Ngôn ngữ. Ở Wikipedia này, các liên kết giữa ngôn ngữ nằm ở đầu trang, đối diện với tiêu đề bài viết.

Đi tới đầu trang. Nội dung chuyển sang thanh bên ẩn. Bài viết Thảo luận. Tiếng Việt. Đọc Sửa đổi Sửa mã nguồn Xem lịch sử. Thêm Đọc Sửa đổi Sửa mã nguồn Xem lịch sử. Tài chính Thị trường tài chính. Thị trường trái phiếu Thị trường hàng hóa Thị trường phái sinh Thị trường ngoại hối Thị trường tiền tệ OTC Cổ phần tư nhân Bất động sản Thị trường giao ngay Thị trường chứng khoán Người tham gia thị trường tài chính : Nhà đầu tư và Nhà đầu cơ Tổ chức và Nhà đầu tư nhỏ lẻ. Công cụ tài chính.

Tiền mặt : Tiền gửi Phái sinh Quyền chọn ngoại lai Hợp đồng tương lai Khoản vay Quyền chọn call or put Chứng khoán Cổ phiếu Time deposit or Chứng nhận tiền gửi. Tài chính doanh nghiệp. Kế toán Kiểm toán Lập ngân sách vốn Cơ quan đánh giá tín dụng Quản lý rủi ro tài chính Báo cáo tài chính Mua lại đòn bẩy Sáp nhập và mua lại Tài chính có cơ cấu Vốn mạo hiểm.

Tài chính cá nhân. Tín dụng và nợ Hợp đồng lao động Hoạch định tài chính Hưu trí Hỗ trợ tài chính sinh viên tại Hoa Kỳ. Tài chính công. Chi tiêu chính phủ : Chi tiêu dùng cuối cùng của Chính phủ Hoạt động của chính phủ Phân phối lại của cải Chuyển giao thanh toán Nguồn thu chính phủ : Đánh thuế Chi tiêu thâm hụt Ngân sách chính phủ Thâm hụt ngân sách chính phủ Nợ chính phủ Nguồn thu ngoài thuế Bảo lãnh thanh toán.

Ngân hàng. Ngân hàng trung ương Tài khoản tiền gửi Hoạt động ngân hàng dự trữ phân đoạn Danh sách ngân hàng Khoản vay Cung tiền. Quy định tài chính. Chứng nhận dịch vụ tài chính chuyên nghiệp Các vụ bê bối kế toán. Tiêu chuẩn. ISO Tiêu chuẩn báo cáo tài chính quốc tế. Lịch sử kinh tế. Lịch sử cổ phần tư nhân và vốn mạo hiểm Sụt giảm kinh tế Bong bóng thị trường chứng khoán Sụp đổ thị trường chứng khoán.

Nhân cách pháp lý. Quản trị công ty. Chức danh công ty. Kinh tế. Luật doanh nghiệp. Tài chính. Kế toán. Kinh doanh. Tổ chức. Xã hội. Quản lý. Tiếp thị. Bài viết này là công việc biên dịch đang được tiến hành từ bài viết ArticleName từ một ngôn ngữ khác sang tiếng Việt.

Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách hỗ trợ dịch và trau chuốt lối hành văn tiếng Việt theo cẩm nang của Wikipedia. Financial instrument. Bài này viết về Phái sinh Derivative trong thị trường tài chính. Đối với với Đạo hàm Derivative trong toán học, xem Đạo hàm. Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Derivative định hướng. Thị trường tài chính. Bài chi tiết: Phòng hộ tài chính. Xem thêm: Danh sách các thua lỗ đầu cơ. Phái sinh hàng hóa Phái sinh địa ốc Phái sinh chuyên chở Phái sinh lạm phát Phái sinh thời tiết Phái sinh lãi suất Phái sinh ngoại hối Phái sinh tín dụng Phái sinh cổ phần.

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency , U. Department of Treasury. Truy cập 15 Tháng hai năm A derivative is a financial contract whose value is derived from the performance of some underlying market factors, such as interest rates, currency exchange rates, and commodity, credit, or equity prices.

Derivative transactions include an assortment of financial contracts, including structured debt obligations and deposits, swaps, futures, options, caps, floors, collars, forwards, and various combinations thereof. SSRN Derivatives for Decision Makers: Strategic Management Issues. ISBN Truy cập 15 Tháng sáu năm This is the session on the upstream neighbor that is created when the intermediary node executes the New Session command.

Closing a session on an intermediary node will also close the session of the associated session. All commands , except New Session and Status , have an associated current session , which is the session in which that command will run.

A remote end has an associated list of active sessions , which is a list of all sessions that are currently started. A remote end that is not an intermediary node has at most one active session at a given time. A remote end has an associated maximum active sessions an integer that defines the number of active sessions that are supported. A session has an associated session ID a string representation of a UUID used to uniquely identify this session. Unless stated otherwise it is null.

A session has an associated current browsing context , which is the browsing context against which commands will run, an associated current parent browsing context , which is set to the parent of the current browsing context when changing browsing contexts, and an associated current top-level browsing context , which is set to the top-browsing context ancestor of the current browsing context , when changing browsing contexts.

A session has an associated session timeouts that records the timeout duration values used to control the behavior of script evaluation , navigation , and element retrieval.

A session has an associated page loading strategy , which is one of the keywords from the table of page load strategies. Unless stated otherwise, it is normal.

A session has an associated secure TLS state that indicates whether untrusted or self-signed TLS certificates should be trusted for the duration of the WebDriver session. If it is unset, this indicates that certificate- or TLS errors that occur upon navigation should be suppressed.

The state can be unset by providing an " acceptInsecureCerts " capability with the value true. Unless stated otherwise, it is set. A session has an associated strict file interactability state which is a boolean. A session has an associated user prompt handler. Unless stated otherwise it is in the dismiss and notify state. A session has an associated browsing context input state map , which is a Weak Map with top-level browsing contexts as keys, and input state objects as values. This is initially set to an empty map.

A session has an associated request queue which is a queue of requests that are currently awaiting processing. When asked to close the session , a remote end must take the following steps:. Set the webdriver-active flag to false. An endpoint node must close any top-level browsing contexts associated with the session , without prompting to unload.

Close the associated session. If this causes an error to occur, complete the remainder of this algorithm before returning the error. Remove the current session from active sessions. If an error has occurred in any of the steps above, return the error , otherwise return success with data null.

Closing a session might cause the associated browser process to be killed. It is assumed that any implementation-specific cleanup steps are performed after the response has been sent back to the client so that the connection is not prematurely closed. The New Session command creates a new WebDriver session with the endpoint node.

If the creation fails, a session not created error is returned. If the remote end is an intermediary node , it may use the result of the capabilities processing algorithm to route the new session request to the appropriate endpoint node. An intermediary node is free to define extension capabilities to assist in this process, however, these specific capabilities must not be forwarded to the endpoint node.

If the intermediary node requires additional information unrelated to user agent features, it is recommended that this information be passed as top-level parameters, and not as part of the requested capabilities. An intermediary node must forward custom, top-level parameters i.

non- capabilities to subsequent remote end nodes. The remote end steps are:. If the maximum active sessions is equal to the length of the list of active sessions , return error with error code session not created. If the remote end is an intermediary node , take implementation-defined steps that either result in returning an error with error code session not created , or in returning a success with data that is isomorphic to that returned by remote ends according to the rest of this algorithm.

If an error is not returned, the intermediary node must retain a reference to the session created on the upstream node as the associated session such that commands may be forwarded to this associated session on subsequent commands.

How this is done is entirely up to the implementation, but typically the sessionId , and URL and URL prefix of the upstream remote end will need to be tracked. Let capabilities be the result of trying to process capabilities with parameters as an argument.

Let session id be the result of generating a UUID. Let session be a new session with the session ID of session id. Set the current session to session.

Run any WebDriver new session algorithm defined in external specifications, with arguments session and capabilities. Append session to active sessions. Let body be a JSON Object initialized with:.

Let strategy be the result of getting property " pageLoadStrategy " from capabilities. Otherwise, set the page loading strategy to normal and set a property of capabilities with name " pageLoadStrategy " and value " normal ".

Let strictFileInteractability be the result of getting property " strictFileInteractability " from capabilities. Let proxy be the result of getting property " proxy " from capabilities and run the substeps of the first matching statement:. Take implementation-defined steps to set the user agent proxy using the extracted proxy configuration.

If the defined proxy cannot be configured return error with error code session not created. Let timeouts be the result of trying to JSON deserialize as a timeouts configuration the value of the " timeouts " property. Make the session timeouts the new timeouts. Set a property on capabilities with name " timeouts " and value that of the JSON deserialization of the session timeouts.

Apply changes to the user agent for any implementation-defined capabilities selected during the capabilities processing step. Set the webdriver-active flag to true. WebDriver implementations typically start a completely new browser instance, but there is no requirement in this specification or for WebDriver only to be used to automate only web browsers.

Implementations might choose to use an existing browser instance, eg. by selecting the window that currently has focus. Set the request queue to a new queue. Return success with data body. If the current session is an active session , try to close the session. Implementations may optionally include additional meta information as part of the body, but the top-level properties ready and message are reserved and must not be overwritten. Let body be a new JSON Object with the following properties:.

A timeouts configuration is a record of the different timeouts that control the behavior of script evaluation , navigation , and element retrieval :. A null value implies that scripts should never be interrupted, but instead run indefinitely. Provides the timeout limit used to interrupt an explicit navigation attempt. Specifies a time to wait for the element location strategy to complete when locating an element. The timeouts object for a timeouts configuration timeouts is an object initialized with the following properties:.

To JSON deserialize an input value into a timeouts configuration record:. Let timeouts be a new timeouts configuration. If value is not a JSON Object , return error with error code invalid argument. If script duration is a number and less than 0 or greater than maximum safe integer , or it is not null , return error with error code invalid argument. If page load duration is less than 0 or greater than maximum safe integer , return error with error code invalid argument. If implicit duration is less than 0 or greater than maximum safe integer , return error with error code invalid argument.

Return success with data timeouts. The remote end step are:. The commands in this section allow navigation of the current top-level browsing context to new URLs and introspection of the document currently loaded in this browsing context.

The normal state causes it to return after the load event fires on the new page, eager causes it to return after the DOMContentLoaded event fires , and none causes it to return immediately. Navigation actions are also affected by the value of the session page load timeout , which determines the maximum time that commands will block before returning with a timeout error.

The following is the table of page load strategies that links the pageLoadStrategy capability keyword to a page loading strategy state, and shows which document readiness state that corresponds to it:.

When asked to deserialize as a page load strategy with argument value :. If there is no entry in the table of page load strategies with keyword value return an error with error code invalid argument. Return success with data value. When asked to wait for navigation to complete , run the following steps:. If the current session has a page loading strategy of none , return success with data null.

If the current browsing context is no longer open , return success with data null. Start a timer. If there is an ongoing attempt to navigate the current browsing context that has not yet matured , wait for navigation to mature. If the previous step completed by the session page load timeout being reached and the browser does not have an active user prompt , return error with error code timeout. When asked to run the post-navigation checks , run the substeps of the first matching statement:.

Return error with error code unknown error. A "network error" in this case is not an HTTP response with a status code indicating an unsuccessful result, but could be a problem occurring lower in the OSI model, or a failed DNS lookup. Otherwise return error with error code insecure certificate.

Irrespective of how a possible authentication challenge is handled, return success with data null. The command causes the user agent to navigate the current top-level browsing context to a new location. If the session is not in a secure TLS state, no certificate errors that would normally cause the user agent to abort and show a security warning are to hinder navigation to the requested address.

If the current top-level browsing context is no longer open , return error with error code no such window. Let url be the result of getting the property url from the parameters argument. If url is not an absolute URL or is not an absolute URL with fragment or not a local scheme , return error with error code invalid argument. Handle any user prompts and return its value if it is an error.

If current URL and url do not have the same absolute URL :. Navigate the current top-level browsing context to url. If url is special except for file and current URL and URL do not have the same absolute URL :. Try to wait for navigation to complete. Try to run the post-navigation checks. Set the current browsing context with the current top-level browsing context. If the current top-level browsing context contains a refresh state pragma directive of time 1 second or less, wait until the refresh timeout has elapsed, a new navigate has begun, and return to the first step of this algorithm.

Return success with data url. This command causes the browser to traverse one step backward in the joint session history of the current top-level browsing context. This is equivalent to pressing the back button in the browser chrome or invoking window.

Traverse the history by a delta —1 for the current browsing context. If the previous step completed results in a pageHide event firing , wait until pageShow event fires or for the session page load timeout milliseconds to pass, whichever occurs sooner. If the previous step completed by the session page load timeout being reached, and user prompts have been handled , return error with error code timeout.

This command causes the browser to traverse one step forwards in the joint session history of the current top-level browsing context. This is equivalent to pressing the forward button in the browser chrome or invoking window. Traverse the history by a delta 1 for the current browsing context. If the previous step completed results in a pageHide event firing, wait until pageShow event fires or for the session page load timeout milliseconds to pass, whichever occurs sooner.

This command causes the browser to reload the page in the current top-level browsing context. If url is special except for file :. Set the current browsing context with current top-level browsing context.

This command returns the document title of the current top-level browsing context , equivalent to calling document. Return success with data title. Many WebDriver commands happen in the context of either the current browsing context or current top-level browsing context. The current top-level browsing context is represented in the protocol by its associated window handle.

When a top-level browsing context is selected using the Switch To Window command, a specific browsing context can be selected using the Switch to Frame command. A browsing context is said to be no longer open if its navigable has been destroyed. Each browsing context has an associated window handle which uniquely identifies it. This must be a String and must not be " current ".

The web window identifier is the string constant " window-fcce5-b4fa88ab9d7f ". The web frame identifier is the string constant " frameb-4da1-b6ba-ec2da ". The WindowProxy reference object with WindowProxy object window is given by:.

Let identifier be the web window identifier if the associated browsing context of window is a top-level browsing context. Otherwise let it be the web frame identifier. Return a JSON Object initialized with the following properties:. When required to set the current browsing context given a context , an implementation must follow the following steps:. When required to set the current top-level browsing context given a context , an implementation must follow the following steps:. In accordance with the focus section of the [ HTML ] specification, commands are unaffected by whether the operating system window has focus or not.

Return success with data being the window handle associated with the current top-level browsing context. Close the current top-level browsing context. If there are no more open top-level browsing contexts , then try to close the session.

Switching window will select the current top-level browsing context used as the target for all subsequent commands. In a tabbed browser, this will typically make the tab containing the browsing context the selected tab.

Let handle be the result of getting the property " handle " from the parameters argument. If handle is undefined , return error with error code invalid argument. If there is an active user prompt , that prevents the focusing of another top-level browsing context , return error with error code unexpected alert open. If handle is equal to the associated window handle for some top-level browsing context in the current session , let context be the that browsing context, and set the current top-level browsing context with context.

Otherwise, return error with error code no such window. Update any implementation-specific state that would result from the user selecting the current browsing context for interaction, without altering OS-level focus. Let handles be a JSON List. For each top-level browsing context in the remote end , push the associated window handle onto handles. Create a new top-level browsing context.

If the implementation does not support creating new top-level browsing contexts, return error with error code unsupported operation.

Let type hint be the result of getting the property " type " from the parameters argument. Create a new top-level browsing context by running the window open steps with url set to " about:blank ", target set to the empty string, and features set to " noopener " and the user agent configured to create a new browsing context.

This must be done without invoking the focusing steps for the created browsing context. If type hint has the value " tab ", and the implementation supports multiple browsing context in the same OS window, the new browsing context should share an OS window with the current browsing context. If type hint is " window ", and the implementation supports multiple browsing contexts in separate OS windows, the created browsing context should be in a new OS window.

In all other cases the details of how the browsing context is presented to the user are implementation defined. Let handle be the associated window handle of the newly created window. Let type be " tab " if the newly created window shares an OS-level window with the current browsing context , or " window " otherwise.

Let result be a new JSON Object initialized with:. Return success with data result. The Switch To Frame command is used to select the current top-level browsing context or a child browsing context of the current browsing context to use as the current browsing context for subsequent commands.

Let id be the result of getting the property " id " from the parameters argument. If id is not null , a Number object, or an Object that represents a web element , return error with error code invalid argument. If id is less than 0 or greater than 2 16 — 1, return error with error code invalid argument.

If the current browsing context is no longer open , return error with error code no such window. If id is not a supported property index of window , return error with error code no such frame. Let child window be the WindowProxy object obtained by calling window. Let element be the result of trying to get a known element with id. If element is not a frame or iframe element, return error with error code no such frame. WebDriver is not bound by the same origin policy, so it is always possible to switch into child browsing contexts, even if they are different origin to the current browsing context.

The Switch to Parent Frame command sets the current browsing context for future commands to the parent of the current browsing context. Run the substeps if the current browsing context is already the top-level browsing context :.

If the current parent browsing context is no longer open , return error with error code no such window. If the current session 's current parent browsing context is not null , set the current browsing context with the current parent browsing context. WebDriver provides commands for interacting with the operating system window containing the current top-level browsing context. Where a command is not supported, an unsupported operation error is returned. The top-level browsing context has an associated window state which describes what visibility state its OS widget window is in.

It can be in one of the following states:. The WindowRect object for a WindowProxy , window is an Object initialized with the following properties:. To maximize the window , given an operating system level window with an associated top-level browsing context , run the implementation-specific steps to transition the operating system level window into the maximized window state.

If the window manager supports window resizing but does not have a concept of window maximization, the window dimensions must be increased to the maximum available size permitted by the window manager for the current screen.

Return when the window has completed the transition, or within an implementation-defined timeout. To iconify the window , given an operating system level window with an associated top-level browsing context , run implementation-specific steps to iconify, minimize, or hide the window from the visible screen.

To restore the window , given an operating system level window with an associated top-level browsing context , run implementation-specific steps to restore or unhide the window to the visible screen. The Get Window Rect command returns the size and position on the screen of the operating system window corresponding to the current top-level browsing context. Return success with data set to the WindowRect object for the current top-level browsing context.

The Set Window Rect command alters the size and the position of the operating system window corresponding to the current top-level browsing context. Let width be the result of getting a property named width from the parameters argument, else let it be null. Let height be the result of getting a property named height from the parameters argument, else let it be null. Let x be the result of getting a property named x from the parameters argument, else let it be null.

Let y be the result of getting a property named y from the parameters argument, else let it be null. If the remote end does not support the Set Window Rect command for the current top-level browsing context for any reason, return error with error code unsupported operation.

Fully exit fullscreen. Restore the window. If width and height are not null :. Set the width, in CSS pixels , of the operating system window containing the current top-level browsing context , including any browser chrome and externally drawn window decorations to a value that is as close as possible to width.

Set the height, in CSS pixels , of the operating system window containing the current top-level browsing context , including any browser chrome and externally drawn window decorations to a value that is as close as possible to height. If x and y are not null :.

Run the implementation-specific steps to set the position of the operating system level window containing the current top-level browsing context to the position given by the x and y coordinates. This typically increases the window to the maximum available size without going full-screen. If the remote end does not support the Maximize Window command for the current top-level browsing context for any reason, return error with error code unsupported operation.

Maximize the window of the current top-level browsing context. This typically hides the window in the system tray. If the remote end does not support the Minimize Window command for the current top-level browsing context for any reason, return error with error code unsupported operation. Iconify the window. If the remote end does not support fullscreen return error with error code unsupported operation. A web element is an abstraction used to identify an element when it is transported via the protocol , between remote - and local ends.

The web element identifier is the string constant " elemente4-a52e-4fcecf ". An ECMAScript Object represents a web element if it has a web element identifier own property. The WebDriver node id is a globally unique string representing a handle to a DOM node in a specific WebDriver session. A WebDriver session has a browsing context group node map , which is a weak map between a browsing context group and a node id map.

A node id map is weak map between nodes and their corresponding WebDriver node id. To get a node given session and reference :. To get or create a node reference given session and node :. To get a known element given reference :. To get or create a web element reference given element :. The web element reference object for element is given by:. Let identifier be the web element identifier.

Let reference be the result of get or create a web element reference with element. Return a JSON Object initialized with a property with name identifier and value reference. To deserialize a web element by a JSON Object object that represents a web element :.

If object has no own property web element identifier , return error with error code invalid argument. Let reference be the result of getting the web element identifier property from object. Let element be the result of trying to get a known element with reference.

Return success with data element. An element is stale if its node document is not the active document or if it is not connected. To scroll into view an element perform the following steps only if the element is not already in view :. Let options be the following ScrollIntoViewOptions :. Run Function. Editable elements are those that can be used for typing and clearing , and they fall into two subcategories:.

Denotes input elements that are mutable e. that are not read only or disabled and whose type attribute is in one of the following states:. And the textarea element. Denotes elements that are editing hosts or content editable. An element is said to have pointer events disabled if the resolved value of its " pointer-events " style property is " none ".

An element is to be considered read only if it is an input element whose readonly attribute is set. In order to determine if an element can be interacted with using pointer actions, WebDriver performs hit-testing to find if the interaction will be able to reach the requested element. An interactable element is an element which is either pointer-interactable or keyboard-interactable. A pointer-interactable element is defined to be the first element , defined by the paint order found at the center point of its rectangle that is inside the viewport , excluding the size of any rendered scrollbars.

A keyboard-interactable element is any element that has a focusable area , is a body element, or is the document element. Given an element that is known to be in view , it can be calculated this way:. Let rectangle be the first element of the DOMRect sequence returned by calling getClientRects on element. An element is in view if it is a member of its own pointer-interactable paint tree , given the pretense that its pointer events are not disabled.

An element is obscured if the pointer-interactable paint tree at its center point is empty, or the first element in this tree is not an inclusive descendant of itself. Let rectangles be the DOMRect sequence returned by calling getClientRects. Let center point be the in-view center point of the first indexed element in rectangles. Return the elements from point given the coordinates center point.

A shadow root is an abstraction used to identify a shadow root when it is transported via the protocol , between remote and local ends. The shadow root identifier is the string constant " shadowe4-a52e-4fcecf ". An ECMAScript Object represents a shadow root if it has a shadow root identifier own property.

To get a known shadow root given session and reference :. To get or create a shadow root reference with shadow root :. The shadow root reference object for shadow root is given by:. Let identifier be the shadow root identifier. Let reference be the result of get or create a shadow root reference given shadow root.

When required to deserialize a shadow root by a JSON Object object that represents a shadow root :. If object has no own property shadow root identifier , return error with error code invalid argument.

Let reference be the result of getting the shadow root identifier property from object. Let shadow be the result of trying to get a known shadow root with argument reference. Return success with data shadow. A shadow root is detached if its node document is not the active document or if the element node referred to as its host is stale. The Find Element , Find Elements , Find Element From Element , Find Elements From Element , Find Element From Shadow Root , and Find Elements From Shadow Root commands allow lookup of individual elements and collections of elements.

When required to find with arguments start node , using and value , a remote end must run the following steps:. Let end time be the current time plus the session implicit wait timeout. Let elements returned be the result of trying to call the relevant element location strategy with arguments start node , and selector. If elements returned is empty and the current time is less than end time return to step 4. Otherwise, continue to the next step. Let result be an empty JSON List. For each element in elements returned , append the web element reference object for element , to result.

An element location strategy is an enumerated attribute deciding what technique should be used to search for elements in the current browsing context. The following table of location strategies lists the keywords and states defined for this attribute:.

To find a web element with the CSS Selector strategy the following steps need to be completed:. Let elements be the result of calling querySelectorAll with start node as this and selector as the argument.

If this causes an exception to be thrown, return error with error code invalid selector. Return success with data elements. To find a web element with the Link Text strategy the following steps need to be completed:. Let elements be the result of calling querySelectorAll with start node as this and " a " as the argument. If this throws an exception, return error with error code unknown error.

Let result be an empty NodeList. Let rendered text be the value that would be returned via a call to Get Element Text for element. Let trimmed text be the result of removing all whitespace from the start and end of the string rendered text.

If trimmed text equals selector , append element to result. The Partial link text strategy is very similar to the Link Text strategy , but rather than matching the entire string, only a substring needs to match.

That is, return all a elements with rendered text that contains the selector expression. To find a web element with the Partial Link Text strategy the following steps need to be completed:. If rendered text contains selector , append element to result. To find a web element with the Tag Name strategy return success with data set to the result of calling getElementsByTagName with start node as this and selector as the argument.

To find a web element with the XPath Selector strategy the following steps need to be completed:. Let length be the result of getting the property " snapshotLength " from evaluateResult. If this throws an XPathException return error with error code invalid selector , otherwise if this throws any other exception return error with error code unknown error. If node is not an element return an error with error code invalid selector. Let location strategy be the result of getting a property called " using ".

If location strategy is not present as a keyword in the table of location strategies , return error with error code invalid argument. Let selector be the result of getting a property called " value ". If selector is undefined , return error with error code invalid argument. If start node is null , return error with error code no such element. Let result be the result of trying to Find with start node , location strategy , and selector.

If result is empty, return error with error code no such element. Otherwise, return the first element of result. Let start node be the result of trying to get a known element with url variable element id. Let start node be the result of trying to get a known shadow root with url variable shadow id.

If active element is a non-null element , return success with data set to web element reference object for active element. Otherwise, return error with error code no such element.

Let element be the result of trying to get a known element with url variable element id. Let shadow root be element 's shadow root. If shadow root is null, return error with error code no such shadow root. Let serialized be the shadow root reference object for shadow root. Return success with data serialized. To calculate the absolute position of element :. Let rect be the value returned by calling getBoundingClientRect. Let window be the associated window of current top-level browsing context.

To determine if node is not in the same tree as another node , other , run the following substeps:. Let datalist parent be the first datalist element reached by traversing the tree in reverse order from element , or undefined if the root of the tree is reached.

Let select parent be the first select element reached by traversing the tree in reverse order from element , or undefined if the root of the tree is reached. If datalist parent is undefined , the element context is select parent. Otherwise, the element context is datalist parent. The container is the element itself. The Is Element Selected command determines if the referenced element is selected or not.

This operation only makes sense on input elements of the Checkbox - and Radio Button states, or on option elements. Return success with data selected. The result of getting an attribute by name name. Please note that the behavior of this command deviates from the behavior of getAttribute in [ DOM ], which in the case of a set boolean attribute would return an empty string.

The reason this command returns true as a string is because this evaluates to true in most dynamically typed programming languages, but still preserves the expected type information. Let property be the result of calling the Object. Let result be the value of property if not undefined , or null. Decimals interact well with much of the rest of Python. Here is a small decimal floating point flying circus:.

The quantize method rounds a number to a fixed exponent. This method is useful for monetary applications that often round results to a fixed number of places:. As shown above, the getcontext function accesses the current context and allows the settings to be changed.

This approach meets the needs of most applications. For more advanced work, it may be useful to create alternate contexts using the Context constructor. To make an alternate active, use the setcontext function. In accordance with the standard, the decimal module provides two ready to use standard contexts, BasicContext and ExtendedContext. The former is especially useful for debugging because many of the traps are enabled:.

Contexts also have signal flags for monitoring exceptional conditions encountered during computations. The flags entry shows that the rational approximation to Pi was rounded digits beyond the context precision were thrown away and that the result is inexact some of the discarded digits were non-zero. Individual traps are set using the dictionary in the traps field of a context:.

Most programs adjust the current context only once, at the beginning of the program. And, in many applications, data is converted to Decimal with a single cast inside a loop. With context set and decimals created, the bulk of the program manipulates the data no differently than with other Python numeric types. Construct a new Decimal object based from value.

value can be an integer, string, tuple, float , or another Decimal object. If no value is given, returns Decimal '0'. If value is a string, it should conform to the decimal numeric string syntax after leading and trailing whitespace characters, as well as underscores throughout, are removed:.

Other Unicode decimal digits are also permitted where digit appears above. If value is a tuple , it should have three components, a sign 0 for positive or 1 for negative , a tuple of digits, and an integer exponent.

For example, Decimal 0, 1, 4, 1, 4 , -3 returns Decimal '1. If value is a float , the binary floating point value is losslessly converted to its exact decimal equivalent. This conversion can often require 53 or more digits of precision. For example, Decimal float '1. The context precision does not affect how many digits are stored. That is determined exclusively by the number of digits in value. For example, Decimal '3. The purpose of the context argument is determining what to do if value is a malformed string.

If the context traps InvalidOperation , an exception is raised; otherwise, the constructor returns a new Decimal with the value of NaN. Once constructed, Decimal objects are immutable. Changed in version 3. By default the trap is off. Decimal floating point objects share many properties with the other built-in numeric types such as float and int. All of the usual math operations and special methods apply.

Likewise, decimal objects can be copied, pickled, printed, used as dictionary keys, used as set elements, compared, sorted, and coerced to another type such as float or int. There are some small differences between arithmetic on Decimal objects and arithmetic on integers and floats. Decimal objects cannot generally be combined with floats or instances of fractions.

Fraction in arithmetic operations: an attempt to add a Decimal to a float , for example, will raise a TypeError. This avoids confusing results when doing equality comparisons between numbers of different types.

In addition to the standard numeric properties, decimal floating point objects also have a number of specialized methods:. adjusted returns seven. Used for determining the position of the most significant digit with respect to the decimal point. Return a pair n, d of integers that represent the given Decimal instance as a fraction, in lowest terms and with a positive denominator:.

Return a named tuple representation of the number: DecimalTuple sign, digits, exponent. Return the canonical encoding of the argument. Currently, the encoding of a Decimal instance is always canonical, so this operation returns its argument unchanged.

Compare the values of two Decimal instances. compare returns a Decimal instance, and if either operand is a NaN then the result is a NaN:. This operation is identical to the compare method, except that all NaNs signal. That is, if neither operand is a signaling NaN then any quiet NaN operand is treated as though it were a signaling NaN. Compare two operands using their abstract representation rather than their numerical value.

Similar to the compare method, but the result gives a total ordering on Decimal instances. Two Decimal instances with the same numeric value but different representations compare unequal in this ordering:. Quiet and signaling NaNs are also included in the total ordering.

The result of this function is Decimal '0' if both operands have the same representation, Decimal '-1' if the first operand is lower in the total order than the second, and Decimal '1' if the first operand is higher in the total order than the second operand. See the specification for details of the total order. This operation is unaffected by context and is quiet: no flags are changed and no rounding is performed. As an exception, the C version may raise InvalidOperation if the second operand cannot be converted exactly.

Return the absolute value of the argument. This operation is unaffected by the context and is quiet: no flags are changed and no rounding is performed. Return the negation of the argument. Return a copy of the first operand with the sign set to be the same as the sign of the second operand.

For example:. Alternative constructor that only accepts instances of float or int. Note Decimal. Since 0. That equivalent value in decimal is 0. From Python 3. Fused multiply-add. Return True if the argument is canonical and False otherwise.

Currently, a Decimal instance is always canonical, so this operation always returns True. Return True if the argument is a finite number, and False if the argument is an infinity or a NaN. Return True if the argument is either positive or negative infinity and False otherwise. Return True if the argument is a quiet or signaling NaN and False otherwise.

Return True if the argument is a normal finite number. Return False if the argument is zero, subnormal, infinite or a NaN.

Return True if the argument is a quiet NaN, and False otherwise. Return True if the argument has a negative sign and False otherwise. Note that zeros and NaNs can both carry signs. Return True if the argument is a signaling NaN and False otherwise. Return True if the argument is subnormal, and False otherwise.

Return True if the argument is a positive or negative zero and False otherwise. Return the natural base e logarithm of the operand. Return the base ten logarithm of the operand. For a nonzero number, return the adjusted exponent of its operand as a Decimal instance. If the operand is a zero then Decimal '-Infinity' is returned and the DivisionByZero flag is raised.

If the operand is an infinity then Decimal 'Infinity' is returned. The result is the digit-wise and of the two operands. The result is the digit-wise inversion of the operand. The result is the digit-wise or of the two operands. The result is the digit-wise exclusive or of the two operands. Like max self, other except that the context rounding rule is applied before returning and that NaN values are either signaled or ignored depending on the context and whether they are signaling or quiet.

Similar to the max method, but the comparison is done using the absolute values of the operands. Like min self, other except that the context rounding rule is applied before returning and that NaN values are either signaled or ignored depending on the context and whether they are signaling or quiet.

Similar to the min method, but the comparison is done using the absolute values of the operands. If the two operands are unequal, return the number closest to the first operand in the direction of the second operand.

If both operands are numerically equal, return a copy of the first operand with the sign set to be the same as the sign of the second operand. Normalize the number by stripping the rightmost trailing zeros and converting any result equal to Decimal '0' to Decimal '0e0'.

Used for producing canonical values for attributes of an equivalence class. For example, Decimal ' Return a string describing the class of the operand. The returned value is one of the following ten strings. Return a value equal to the first operand after rounding and having the exponent of the second operand. Unlike other operations, if the length of the coefficient after the quantize operation would be greater than precision, then an InvalidOperation is signaled.

This guarantees that, unless there is an error condition, the quantized exponent is always equal to that of the right-hand operand.

Also unlike other operations, quantize never signals Underflow, even if the result is subnormal and inexact. If the exponent of the second operand is larger than that of the first then rounding may be necessary.

An error is returned whenever the resulting exponent is greater than Emax or less than Etiny. Return Decimal 10 , the radix base in which the Decimal class does all its arithmetic. Included for compatibility with the specification.

Return the remainder from dividing self by other. Return the result of rotating the digits of the first operand by an amount specified by the second operand. The second operand must be an integer in the range -precision through precision. The absolute value of the second operand gives the number of places to rotate.

If the second operand is positive then rotation is to the left; otherwise rotation is to the right. The coefficient of the first operand is padded on the left with zeros to length precision if necessary. The sign and exponent of the first operand are unchanged.

Test whether self and other have the same exponent or whether both are NaN. Return the first operand with exponent adjusted by the second.

The second operand must be an integer. Return the result of shifting the digits of the first operand by an amount specified by the second operand. The absolute value of the second operand gives the number of places to shift. If the second operand is positive then the shift is to the left; otherwise the shift is to the right. Digits shifted into the coefficient are zeros.

Engineering notation has an exponent which is a multiple of 3. This can leave up to 3 digits to the left of the decimal place and may require the addition of either one or two trailing zeros. Round to the nearest integer, signaling Inexact or Rounded as appropriate if rounding occurs. The rounding mode is determined by the rounding parameter if given, else by the given context. If neither parameter is given then the rounding mode of the current context is used. Round to the nearest integer without signaling Inexact or Rounded.

If given, applies rounding ; otherwise, uses the rounding method in either the supplied context or the current context. A logical operand is a Decimal instance whose exponent and sign are both zero, and whose digits are all either 0 or 1. Contexts are environments for arithmetic operations.

They govern precision, set rules for rounding, determine which signals are treated as exceptions, and limit the range for exponents.

The J37 is a performance oriented engine while the J35 on the Ridgeline is tuned for MPGs. I asked the question on ridgelineownersclub. com and was told that "The camshaft of the MDX was re-profiled to provide torque at lower RPM" I am not sure what he meant. Honda is set to return to F1 in as an engine supplier. Honda will return to F1 in with an all new V6 engine in the back of the McLaren team cars.. This spacer will allow for the J37 crankshaft to be fitted into a Honda J32A2 engine.

The J37 crank snout is shorter than the J32A2 crank snout. This spacer will make the J37 crank the correct length to fit into the J32A2 block. Made from Stainless Steel, for strength and a high quality finish that will not rust. She makes at least 70 HP and 13 ft-lbs more torque than stock at the crank on 93 octane, and there's probably more still to be had though I'm not going to go chasing it.

DEMO HONDA AMAZE 1. Price excludes delivery and registration fees. Skip to Content. Real Street Performance. Package Builder. 美品 HONDA FD2 シビック TYPE-R タイプR Modulo モデューロ 後期 前後減衰付 サスペンションキット サスキット ショック アブソーバー 即決 ,円 ウォッチ.

Made from Stainless Steel, for strength and a high quality finish that will not rust.. Quantity: 1 per Pack. Upgrade your suspension system with more durable ball joints and components that can stand up the abuse. Designed with performance JDM HONDA ACCORD SI-R 2. Aug 19, · 33 Posts. cost less then a built k but honestly it dosn't cost much all oem parts, diy of course, too bad no one has really built one yet to get numbers J37 3.

The Acura TL REQUIRES the top plate and new Throttle Body and ACURA TL doesn't require the new top J raymarine t manual. sentinelone commands. greenspoint carnival tickets. It is built at Honda 's Anna, Ohio and Lincoln, Alabama engine plants.

It is a 60° V6 — Honda 's existing C-series were 90° engines. The J-series was designed for transverse mounting. It has. The SF 37 was basically a modified AJ 37 Viggen attack variant. It was fitted with a distinctive camera nose and external reconnaissance pods. The nose accommodated seven vertical and oblique cameras, including an infrared linescanner, and a data recording unit.

The J35 is a 3. This new 3. In subsequent years, the engine was used on several large and heavy Honda 's sedans, SUVs, pickups, including Acura cars.. Get the best deals for honda j37 throttle body at eBay. This is a great all motor mod. We recommend doing it after you have already installed the essential bolt ons. Intake, header, exhaust, and flash pro. The ZDX J37 throttle body is an OEM Honda product which ensures maximum reliability and quality. Answer 1 of 3 : Head of a flow is the pressure of the fluid static or flowing expressed in terms of height of a fluid column same or usually water.

Jump to Latest Follow 1 - 1 of 1 Posts com is an independent Honda enthusiast website owned and operated. Đại lý Honda Ôtô CHÍNH THỨC - DUY NHẤT Phân phối các dòng xe City, Civic, CRV, Brio, Accord, HRV tại Nha Trang, Ninh Hòa, Khánh Hòa, Phan Rang, Đà Lạt, kèm phụ kiện và dịch.

It was installed in Acura MDX. J37A2 was an analogue to the J37A1, but for Acura RL. Its power was HP 6, rpm, the torque is Nm 5, rpm. J37A4 is the same J37A1, but with a cold air intake system and a 69 mm throttle body. May 15, · The Honda J37 utilizes a die-cast aluminum block with cylinder aluminum liners, helping it maintain a lighter overall structure.

Additionally, the intakes for all J37 engine systems are constructed of high-quality cast magnesium alloy. The power output of the Honda J37 engine ranges from horsepower with to lb-ft of torque.. How a Saab J37 Viggen Helped Save a Damaged SR Blackbird.

The Swedish Saab J37 Viggen Once Escorted an American SR — If Sweden becomes a member of NATO, To finish your week I invite you to join me in staring at more cars for sale. Visit PayScale to research Fairfield-Suisun Unified School District salaries, bonuses, reviews.

J37 may refer to: Elongated square gyrobicupola, a Johnson solid J 37 Honda J37 , an automobile engine. Jardine Strategic Holdings, a Singaporean holding company. LNER Class J37 , a British steam locomotive. Lockheed J37 , an American turbojet engine.

Studer J37 , a Swiss audio recorder. This disambiguation page lists articles arcade 1 up build. real wells fargo check. Dark Mode. HONDA ZAMBEZI DRIVE Montana Pretoria Gauteng South Africa. The Honda J37 throttle body. This throttle body has a massive 80mm Inlet and 70mm Outlet. Originally from the Acura ZDX J37 engine this throttle body has become popular for the drive.

The larger inlet allows more air into the engine thus allowing more power to be delivered.. I was wondering if any of you guys have or know where I can get j37 heads with intake and exhaust VTEC. Visiter la Boutique Inscrit comme vendeur professionnel P2R Ferrea 30mm Échappement Valves Séries Honda Acura J30 J32 J35 J37 F État : Neuf Quantité : 2 disponible s Prix : ,19 EUR Achat immédiat Ajouter au panier Offre directe : Faire une offre Ajouter aux Objets suivis Livraison à partir de : États-Unis Retours acceptés Livraison :.

Finally, a bolt on Intake Manifold for J series using a Holley EFI Intake Plenum. Our kit includes Intake Manifold Adapter, Intake Manifold Gaskets, plenum gasket, vacuum fittings, and all necessary hardware. Honda Việt Nam giới thiệu phiên bản mới mẫu xe Sh mode cc - Sành điệu xứng tầm, khẳng định đẳng cấp. Xem thêm. Chiến lược kinh Doanh xe máy Honda toàn cầu hướng.

how to group cities in excel. J37 DBW Throttle body, the biggest DBW TB Honda makes! Select porting to have the absolute biggest factory DBW throttle body allowed by the factory casting. Note: These throttle bodies will only bolt directly on to J37 Intake manifolds, any other application you will need an adapter available in options. About Intake J37 Manifold Acura Tl. Our performance intake system are. In stock.

Honda OEM J37 Throttle Body DBW quantity. Add to cart. SKU: RYE-A11 Categories: Accessories, Throttle Bodies. The Honda Motor Company is a publicly held Japanese multinational conglomerate that manufactures automobiles, motorcycles, power equipment, and power tools. The company is headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Honda J37 Engine For Sale.

Includes two specially engineered SiriMoto Thermal Throttle Body Gaskets. The New Zealand Honda Club, otherwise known as NZHondas. com, is an enthusiast driven club bringing together past and present owners of Honda cars in New Zealand. If you compare the highest output J35 and J37 , hp at tq and tq at compared to hp at and tq at respectively, there is a very small difference between them bc the J35 is a DI motor and the J37 is a MPI motor.

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injecting synthesized events into a browser event loop. Otherwise, continue to the next step. Let session id be the result of generating a UUID. Once I have valid two place inputs, how do I maintain that invariant throughout an application? The above algorithm is not associated with any particular element, and is therefore not subject to the document CSP directives.

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