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edited May 27, at answered Jul 8, at William Whyte William Whyte 4, 2 2 gold badges 19 19 silver badges 17 17 bronze badges. And has the advantage also to be invocable multiple times in a printf which the ones with static buffers can't.

Posted an expanded version of this macro with 16, 32, 64 bit int support: stackoverflow. Note that this approach is not stack friendly. Which, depending on stack size, may or may not be an issue. Show 5 more comments. edited Sep 26, at answered Oct 20, at user user int mis-match.

Could someone please elaborate on the logic behind this code? Shift that right resulting in a byte containing 0 b or 1 b. Show 4 more comments. Here is a quick hack to demonstrate techniques to do what you want. edited Mar 17, at answered Sep 22, at EvilTeach EvilTeach This is certainly less "weird" than custom writing an escape overload for printf. It's simple to understand for a developer new to the code, as well. A few changes: strcat is an inefficient method of adding a single char to the string on each pass of the loop.

EvilTeach: You're using a ternary operator yourself as a parameter to strcat! I agree that strcat is probably easier to understand than post-incrementing a dereferenced pointer for the assignment, but even beginners need to know how to properly use the standard library.

Maybe using an indexed array for assignment would have been a good demonstration and will actually work, since b isn't reset to all-zeros each time you call the function. Random: The binary buffer char is static, and is cleared to all zeros in the assignment. This will only clear it the first time it's run, and after that it wont clear, but instead use the last value. Show 8 more comments. There isn't a binary conversion specifier in glibc normally. edited Apr 16, at DGentry DGentry 16k 7 7 gold badges 50 50 silver badges 65 65 bronze badges.

An example of the new usage can be found here: codereview. Add a comment. edited Dec 25, at Peter Mortensen answered Nov 10, at Shahbaz Shahbaz it works! This code looks great. F] arguments should do. Online demo. edited Jul 17, at isrnick 5 5 silver badges 12 12 bronze badges.

answered Dec 23, at danijar danijar you also should use unsigned int number, because when the given number is negative, the function enters in a never-ending recursive call. I've changed the function to also work with int values equal or less than 0. pass following value 0x80 to your function, the result is not as intended. edited Jun 21, at answered Aug 3, at ideasman42 ideasman42 This is excellent. Is there a particular reason for printing the bits starting with Least Significant Bits?

how would you recommend adding the comma? edited Oct 16 at answered Feb 4 at Kalcifer Kalcifer 7 7 silver badges 13 13 bronze badges. answered Jan 29, at GitHub STOP HELPING ICE R.. GitHub STOP HELPING ICE k 33 33 gold badges silver badges bronze badges. Yes, you can do that. But it's really bad design. Forcing the caller to pass a buffer makes the storage requirement explict; the caller is of course free to use a static buffer if that's really desired, and then the reuse of the same buffer becomes explicit.

Also note that, on modern PIC ABIs, static buffers usually cost more code to access than buffers on the stack.

GitHub STOP HELPING ICE. That's still a bad design. It requires an extra copying step in those cases, and it's no less expensive than having the caller provide the buffer even in cases where copying wouldn't be required. Using static storage is just a bad idiom. Here we're going to have to disagree. I can't see how adding one unobtrusive preprocessor symbol comes anywhere near the harmfulness of limiting the usage cases severely, making the interface error-prone, reserving permanent storage for the duration of the program for a temporary value, and generating worse code on most modern platforms.

I don't advocate micro-optimizing without reason i. But I do think performance, even if it's on the micro-gain scale, is worth mentioning when it comes as a bonus along with a fundamentally superior design. Show 11 more comments. edited Dec 20, at answered Dec 19, at Robotbugs Robotbugs 4, 3 3 gold badges 22 22 silver badges 30 30 bronze badges.

printbits works fine. Also, for decimals larger than 32 results of static and alloc methods begins to differ. Not much experience in C and working with bits yet.

Allocate memory requiring the calling code to free pointers. Require the calling code to explicitly provide a suitable buffer. Use a reduced integer range. edited Nov 19 at answered Jan 6, at chux - Reinstate Monica chux - Reinstate Monica k 13 13 gold badges silver badges bronze badges.

This is very useful. cpp 39 " — Just a learner. answered Mar 18, at works better works better. Nice solution. I would change some stuff though. going backward in the string so that input of any size could be handled properly.

I like that id does not use string libraries of any kind and thus can be used in an embedding setting easily — jvh. using static variables is really bad for this function. answered Feb 15, at TechplexEngineer TechplexEngineer 1, 2 2 gold badges 30 30 silver badges 46 46 bronze badges.

will this overflow with more than 50 bits? Good call, yeah it will I was told I needed to use malloc, ever don that? yes of course. Previous answers said things like "There is no formatting function in the C standard library to output binary like that. answered Jul 3, at mrwes mrwes 1 1 gold badge 8 8 silver badges 18 18 bronze badges. html HTH.

edited Sep 22, at John Millikin k 39 39 gold badges silver badges bronze badges. answered Sep 21, at rlerallut rlerallut 7, 5 5 gold badges 23 23 silver badges 21 21 bronze badges. This is actually a property of the C runtime library, not the compiler.

quinmars quinmars 11k 6 6 gold badges 32 32 silver badges 41 41 bronze badges. there are a few other options on this front, too Florian Bösch Florian Bösch answered Mar 1, at kapil kapil 12 12 silver badges 20 20 bronze badges.

Be careful, this doesn't work with negative integers. answered Jul 17, at paniq paniq 1, 1 1 gold badge 11 11 silver badges 19 19 bronze badges. If you want to use dynamic memory through std::string , you might as well get rid of the static array. Simplest way would be to just drop the static qualifier and make b local to the function.

answered Oct 19, at kapilddit kapilddit 1, 4 4 gold badges 26 26 silver badges 46 46 bronze badges. A previous answer said "Some implementations provide itoa , but it's not going to be in most"?

answered May 12, at малин чекуров малин чекуров 5 5 silver badges 6 6 bronze badges. Or add 0 or 1 to the character value of '0' ; No ternary needed. Print bits from any type using less code and resources This approach has as attributes: Works with variables and literals.

Doesn't iterate all bits when not necessary. Call printf only when complete a byte not unnecessarily for all bits. Works for any type. Works with little and big endianness uses GCC defines for checking. May work with hardware that char isn't a byte eight bits. Tks supercat Uses typeof that isn't C standard but is largely defined. edited Apr 7, at Binary trading itself is legitimate, and not a scam. There are however, brokers and signal providers that are untrustworthy and operate scams or frauds.

It is important not to write off the concept of binary trading, purely based on dishonest brokers. These fraudsters continue to drag down the image of this form of trading. Regulators, and rule makers are slowly starting to get to grips with these operations and the industry is being cleaned up. If you want to complain about an operator to our watchdog, please let us know via our Contact Us page.

Being aware of the above methods should help those new to binary trading to avoid the less responsible brands. Improved regulation and more awareness should hopefully reduce these types of complaints. This in turn can allow binaries to move forward. Already fallen victim?

The services of MyChargeBack. com might be of help. The recent ban of binaries in the EU is ill-thought out, and could well end up pushing more traders towards scams. Our strategy pages covers over 20 known systems, drawn from a range of forum and club chats, plus expert tips and advice. From high risk Martingale, to intricate systems like the Rainbow. We also cover more specialist subjects, like forex , technical analysis , the best price action indicators, trading signals and winning strategy.

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A binary option can be used in a number of ways, and across a huge array of commodities and markets. This means finding the best dealer, best account, or best trading platform, really depends on the needs of the individual investor.

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Payment methods merit some thought — if traders want to use Skrill, Paypal, Neteller or Wire transfer, they need to check the broker delivers that. Mobile trading apps delivered by brokers or binary agents can vary in quality too. Some specifically program for the features of specific models, like iPad or iPhone. Others ensure cross platform compatibility, catering for android, blackberry and windows tablets and devices.

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They include all aspects of each provider — good or bad. The credibility of the reviews is important to us. So they are checked and updated regularly and feedback we receive forms part of the overall rating. In order for binary trading to move into the financial mainstream, comparison services need to be open, honest and transparent — and that is what we try and deliver in our broker reviews. Binary brokers are regulated via a number of bodies. CySec regulate the majority of brokers based in Cyprus and Israel.

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Some firms are also regulated by the Malta Gaming Authority, or the Isle of Man GSC. In Europe, an organisation called ESMA European Securities and Markets Authority also suggest legislation or regulatory guidelines that the majority of domestic regulators adhere to.

They recently suggested that binary options should be prohibited to retail investors — though this policy is rather ill-thought out and out dated.

Such changes will punish honest regulated brokers, leaving the dishonest scams to continue operating. Regulated brokers offer greater levels of consumer confidence than unregulated firms.

They are obliged to retain trader funds in separate accounts, and not in company accounts. They must provide a dispute process for customers, and treat clients equitably and fairly.

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When copying however, time and effort spent finding the right traders to follow will pay dividends. Social trading is similar, but is more geared towards social media style info sharing. They were initially only available to large scale investors — institutions, wealthy individuals and funds. In however, the US Securities and Exchange Commission allowed these fixed return options to be traded over an exchange. This allowed the Chicago Board Options Exchange CBOE and the American Stock Exchange to offer binary trading on certain underlying assets.

Initially, the range of assets was limited, as were the choice of options. Nadex also began offering exchange traded options matching buyers and sellers in the US as the market developed. As popularity and commerce grew however, the traded assets moved beyond Forex and equities and the option types expanded as well. The barriers to entry for potential market makers or brokers are much lower in the binary sector.

This, coupled with the boom in internet trading over a similar period, has left regulation lagging behind the industry. The growth of binaries however, is unlikely to slow. The simplicity, coupled with the clarity of risk, allows almost anyone to take a view on a particular asset but manage their risk much more easily than versus contracts for difference or stocks purchases. In order to learn binary options, traders have a wealth of learning opportunities and courses.

Each trader is different, results will alter from different methods of learning. Some may prefer a pdf file or spreadsheet on the subject, while others will learn most from diving in and getting some hands on experience. Here are a selection on learning methods:. Brokers are keen to give traders the confidence to start trading — and many offer some or all of the above for potential new clients to learn about binary options, generally for free. Some tools are only made available once a trader has registered — this is purely so the broker has some contact details for things like trading seminars or web based demonstrations.

A great way to learn binary options is via an online demonstration or seminar. Some brokers offer weekly seminars, some in a range of languages. Other firms will offer one on one training, but generally require a deposit beforehand. Some traders benefit from downloading an eBook tutorial, and learning about binary options at their own pace. One note of caution, is that each broker will focus on their own trading platform and quotes for some of the explanations and screen shots.

Brokers want new traders to use their services. The good news is that while the look and feel of some trading platforms will differ, the underlying functions are the same — so the knowledge is transferable easily.

We list the best here. Video tutorials are the most popular learning method. Some brokers do make more effort than others though, and viewers may also be presented with the same video at different brokers — only the voiceover has changed!

There are however, some very good suites of videos available, and they are viewable without registering. We have embedded a video from IQ Option which introduces their trading platform and online binary trading.

They offer a full range of videos on their site. Firms constantly update their training portfolio, so there is no clear winner in this category. Brokers want to encourage trading, so they make it very easy for traders to learn the basics.

More advanced information is harder to come by from brokers — but hopefully the strategy and technical analysis pages on this website assist. Below are some of the questions and topics we are asked about most often regarding binary trading online. Hopefully these short paragraphs can provide an answer — but if not, there are a number of links to more in-depth articles that explain each subject area.

Put and Call options are simply the terms given to buying or selling an option.

Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I never clearly understood what an ABI is. Please don't point me to a Wikipedia article. If I could understand it, I wouldn't be here posting such a lengthy post. A TV remote is an interface between the user and the TV. It is an existing entity, but useless doesn't provide any functionality by itself.

All the functionality for each of those buttons on the remote is implemented in the television set. Interface: It is an "existing entity" layer between the functionality and consumer of that functionality. An interface by itself doesn't do anything. It just invokes the functionality lying behind.

Command Line Interface CLI commands are the existing entities, the consumer is the user and functionality lies behind. functionality: my software functionality which solves some purpose to which we are describing this interface. Graphical User Interface GUI window, buttons, etc. are the existing entities, and again the consumer is the user and functionality lies behind. functionality: my software functionality which solves some problem to which we are describing this interface.

Application Programming Interface API functions or to be more correct interfaces in interfaced based programming are the existing entities, consumer here is another program not a user, and again functionality lies behind this layer. Wikipedia says:. Who needs these details? Please don't say the OS. I know assembly programming.

I know exactly what happens inside. I thought we are talking at the binary level. Why do languages come in? Anyway, I've downloaded the [PDF] System V Application Binary Interface Edition 4.

Well, most of it didn't make any sense. In fact, these are the only two significant chapters of that specification. The rest of the chapters are "processor specific". Anyway, I though that it is a completely different topic. Please don't say that ELF file format specifications are the ABI. It doesn't qualify to be an interface according to the definition. I know, since we are talking at such a low level it must be very specific.

But I'm not sure how is it "instruction set architecture ISA " specific? You are already familiar with the concept of an API. If you want to use the features of, say, some library or your OS, you will program against an API. An ABI is very similar. Think of it as the compiled version of an API or as an API on the machine-language level. When you write source code, you access the library through an API.

Once the code is compiled, your application accesses the binary data in the library through the ABI. The ABI defines the structures and methods that your compiled application will use to access the external library just like the API did , only on a lower level. Your API defines the order in which you pass arguments to a function. Your ABI defines the mechanics of how these arguments are passed registers, stack, etc.

Your API defines which functions are part of your library. Your ABI defines how your code is stored inside the library file, so that any program using your library can locate the desired function and execute it. ABIs are important when it comes to applications that use external libraries.

Libraries are full of code and other resources, but your program has to know how to locate what it needs inside the library file. Your ABI defines how the contents of a library are stored inside the file, and your program uses the ABI to search through the file and find what it needs. If everything in your system conforms to the same ABI, then any program is able to work with any library file, no matter who created them.

Linux and Windows use different ABIs, so a Windows program won't know how to access a library compiled for Linux. Sometimes, ABI changes are unavoidable. When this happens, any programs that use that library will not work unless they are re-compiled to use the new version of the library. If the ABI changes but the API does not, then the old and new library versions are sometimes called "source compatible". This implies that while a program compiled for one library version will not work with the other, source code written for one will work for the other if re-compiled.

For this reason, developers tend to try to keep their ABI stable to minimize disruption. Keeping an ABI stable means not changing function interfaces return type and number, types, and order of arguments , definitions of data types or data structures, defined constants, etc. New functions and data types can be added, but existing ones must stay the same. If, for instance, your library uses bit integers to indicate the offset of a function and you switch to bit integers, then already-compiled code that uses that library will not be accessing that field or any following it correctly.

Accessing data structure members gets converted into memory addresses and offsets during compilation and if the data structure changes, then these offsets will not point to what the code is expecting them to point to and the results are unpredictable at best. An ABI isn't necessarily something you will explicitly provide unless you are doing very low-level systems design work. It isn't language-specific either, since for example a C application and a Pascal application can use the same ABI after they are compiled.

Edit: Regarding your question about the chapters regarding the ELF file format in the SysV ABI docs: The reason this information is included is because the ELF format defines the interface between operating system and application.

When you tell the OS to run a program, it expects the program to be formatted in a certain way and for example expects the first section of the binary to be an ELF header containing certain information at specific memory offsets.

This is how the application communicates important information about itself to the operating system. If you build a program in a non-ELF binary format such as a. out or PE , then an OS that expects ELF-formatted applications will not be able to interpret the binary file or run the application. This is one big reason why Windows apps cannot be run directly on a Linux machine or vice versa without being either re-compiled or run inside some type of emulation layer that can translate from one binary format to another.

IIRC, Windows currently uses the Portable Executable or, PE format. There are links in the "external links" section of that Wikipedia page with more information about the PE format. An ABI can define a standard way of encoding the name of a function so that programs built with a different language or compiler can locate what they need. If you know assembly and how things work at the OS-level, you are conforming to a certain ABI.

The ABI govern things like how parameters are passed, where return values are placed. For many platforms there is only one ABI to choose from, and in those cases the ABI is just "how things work". This is necessary if you want to be able to pass object references across module boundaries or if you want to mix code compiled with different compilers.

Also, if you have an bit OS which can execute bit binaries, you will have different ABIs for and bit code. In general, any code you link into the same executable must conform to the same ABI.

If you want to communicate between code using different ABIs, you must use some form of RPC or serialization protocols. I think you are trying too hard to squeeze in different types of interfaces into a fixed set of characteristics. For example, an interface doesn't necessarily have to be split into consumers and producers. An interface is just a convention by which two entities interact.

ABIs can be partially ISA-agnostic. A well defined ABI is very important for people writing compilers. Without a well defined ABI, it would be impossible to generate interoperable code. The ABI is set of rules that compilers and linkers adhere to in order to compile your program so that will work properly. ABIs cover multiple topics:. The machine itself has no concept of "functions". This is a label , which will eventually get resolved into an address by the assembler.

This label marks the "start" of your "function" in the assembly code. In high-level code, when you "call" that function, what you're really doing is causing the CPU to jump to the address of that label and continue executing there.

In preparation for the jump, the compiler must do a bunch of important stuff. The calling convention is like a checklist that the compiler follows to do all this stuff:. Here is a great page that actually shows the differences in the assembly generated when compiling for different ABIs. Another thing to mention is that an ABI isn't only relevant inside your program's executable module. It's also used by the linker to make sure your program calls library functions correctly. You have multiple shared libraries running on your computer, and as long as your compiler knows what ABI they each use, it can call functions from them properly without blowing up the stack.

Your compiler understanding how to call library functions is extremely important. On a hosted platform that is, one where an OS loads programs , your program can't even blink without making a kernel call. An application binary interface ABI is similar to an API, but the function is not accessible to the caller at source code level.

ABIs may be defined at the processor-architecture level or at the OS level. The ABIs are standards to be followed by the code-generator phase of the compiler.

bta, Thanks for the great answer. The Windows x calling convention doesn't use the SysV calling convention that all other x OSes use. The company neither admitted nor denied the allegations. Show 11 more comments. Archived from the original on 15 October The certainty of risk provides a solid foundation for brokers to work within and manage. Some may prefer a pdf file or spreadsheet on the subject, while others will learn most from diving in and getting some hands on experience.

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